Instead of depending on the ancestor’s perception based on agricultural society or the conception of taking accidental factors such as famines and wars as the primary driving power, a theoretical methodology for exploring influential factors on populations on Chinese traditional society should be sought in culture. In ancient times of China, the system of nonmarriage in the same family and young marriage and fertility, the primogeniture and the conception of raising children for old age based on the organizational pattern of society of “integration of nation and family“ helped the population to grow in our history. Meanwhile the state system of taxes and convention of drowning female babies served as powerful adjusters of population traditional society. Owing to evolution of society, those old factors have declined and the new ones are emerging continuously, but the traditional view of fertility still works stubbornly. Thus something must be done to adjust the structure of social culture to deal properly with the relationship between population and social power of endurance.

population; cultural factors; cultural structure