Modern private newstyle publication gradually advanced depending upon the enhancement of external social forces and technological and economic power, which came 40 years later than foreign missionary publication and 10 years later than Westernization publication. The Shiyin Publishing House and the Dianshizhai Publishing House marked the prelude of private publishing industry with their characteristic technological innovations, whereas the Tongwen Publishing House and the Baishishanfang symbolized a fullfledged development of private publishing industry in China. As a result, the rapidlyemerging private publishing industry was able to rank among the three publishing giants in the late Qing Dynasty. This meant a response to social transformation within publishing industry, which formed part of modern culture in China.

private publication; newstyle publication; church publication; Westernization publication