哲学社会科学版
陕西师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版)
唐史研究
王朝国家的社会控制及其地域差异
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鲁 西 奇
(武汉大学 历史学院, 湖北 武汉 430072)
鲁西奇,男,江苏东海人,历史学博士,武汉大学历史学院教授,博士研究生导师。
摘要:
乡里制度在不同地区是否得到实行,在多大程度上、以怎样的方式实行,反映了王朝国家对于不同地区的社会控制方式与程度的差异。根据唐代乡里制度在不同地区的实行状况,可以将唐代对其疆域与民众的社会控制区分为4个圈层:第1个圈层是以汉户为主的正州县,较严格地实行乡里制;第2个圈层是以蕃胡夷蛮为主体的正州县,努力实行统一的乡里制度,但其乡里编排或未能全面遵守相关规定,且不稳定;第3个圈层是有版羁縻州县,其首领多以其固有的社会组织管理其部众,并向唐王朝申报所领民户,但也有部分有版羁縻州县编排了乡里;第4个圈层是无版羁縻府州,仍然实行其固有的社会控制制度,且不向唐朝上报户口版籍。唐代对于不同地区的社会控制,本质上乃是“因地制宜”,即根据不同地区的政治经济社会环境与历史文化背景,而采取不同的社会控制方式。
关键词:
乡里制度; 社会控制体系; 户口版籍; 羁縻州县; 唐代政区设置
收稿日期:
2018-10-01
中图分类号:
K242
文献标识码:
A
文章编号:
1672-4283(2019)01-0156-14
基金项目:
Doi:
The Social Control System and Their Regional Differences in Medieval China
LU Xiqi
(Department of History, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei)
Abstract:
The implementation the of county system, in what ways and to what extent imposed in the different regions, reflected the regional differences of the methods of social control and degrees in the controlling different areas in the Chinese Empire State. Four layers of the social control system in the Tang Dynasty could be differentiated, based on the implementing of the county system in different areas. The first layer, the largest and the most important layer, was the official administrative areas which were directly ruled by the empire state and mainly inhabited by Han People. The county system had been comprehensively implemented in these areas. The second layer, was the official administrative areas, but mainly inhabited by “Barbarians”, not Han People. In these areas, the local offices tried to implement the unified county system, but had not been achieved. The third layer, was the informal administrative areas which were indirectly ruled by the empire state. In these areas, the leaders reported accounts of people which were controlled by them to the central government, and tried to partly implement the county system. The fourth layer was the informal administrative areas, but the leaders in these areas did not report accounts of people to the central government, and did not pay taxes. The social control system could be altered or changed based on the different social and economic status in different areas, when it had been implemented in different areas.
KeyWords:
county system; social control system; household register; informal administrative areas; the establishment of administrative districts in the Tang Dynasty