哲学社会科学版
陕西师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版)
周秦汉唐研究
西周春秋周王册命方国卿士之制初探
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王晖
(陕西师范大学 历史文化学院, 陕西 西安 710119)
王晖,男,陕西洋县人,陕西师范大学历史文化学院教授,博士研究生导师。
摘要:
西周时期周王通过册命大中小诸侯方国主要卿士的方式,以达到控制诸侯方国特别军事力量的目的。这一现象,不仅在礼书文献中有所记述,出土的西周青铜器铭文也得到有力证明。这一制度在春秋早期得以沿袭,但春秋中期以后,随着周王地位的下降和诸侯权力地位的上升,变为诸侯自己册命所有卿士,事后向周王报告。从现有的金文和文献资料来看,从西周到春秋中期,诸侯大国被周王册命且掌管军队的卿士应有两个,中小诸侯方国也有一到两个卿士获周王册命。然而,到了春秋晚期,诸侯的几位卿士都不再接受周天子册命,甚至也不再向周天子申报,这表明,周王册命诸侯方国主要卿士的制度也就不复存在了。
关键词:
西周金文; 诸侯方国; 册命制度; 方国卿士
收稿日期:
2022-05-15
中图分类号:
K224
文献标识码:
A
文章编号:
1672-4283(2022)05-0077-12
基金项目:
Doi:
10.15983/j.cnki.sxss.2022.0907
The System of the Ministers and Officials of the State Ordered by the King of the Zhou Between the Western Zhou Dynasty and the Spring and Autumn
WANG Hui
(School of History and Civilization, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, Shaanxi)
Abstract:
During the Western Zhou Dynasty, the king of Zhou achieved the purpose of controlling the special military power of the feudal state by controlling the main officials of the feudal state.This kind of general book of the king of Zhou ordered the feudal lords and the main officials of the country not only to be recorded in the literature of ritual books, but also confirmed by the inscriptions on bronze wares of the Western Zhou Dynasty.Judging from the inscriptions and documents, from the Western Zhou Dynasty to the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period, there should be two ministers appointed by the king of Zhou and in charge of the army.The king of Zhou ordered a state count to control his military power.In the early Spring and Autumn Period, it followed the ritual system of the Western Zhou Dynasty and Zhou King’s book ordering the main officials of the feudal lords.After the midSpring and Autumn period, with the decline of the status of the king of Zhou, the power and status of the princes increased, and the princes ordered all the officials and only reported to the king of Zhou.By the end of the Spring and Autumn period, several officials of the princes were no longer controlled by the king of Zhou, and they no longer even reported to the king of Zhou, and the system of the Zhou King ordering the main officials of the princes and state no longer existed.
KeyWords:
bronze inscriptions of the Western Zhou Dynasty; feudal state; confer a title; ministers and officals of feudal state